In today's world, where exploring nature has become an ever-growing trend, knowing these essential outdoor survival tips can help us enjoy the beautiful natural wonders without putting ourselves into harm's way. With climate change increasing the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, being prepared for emergency situations has become ever more crucial. Furthermore, knowing these skills can come in handy in everyday life, especially when we're faced with unexpected challenges. Having the knowledge and tools to survive can help us become more resilient and self-reliant in any given situation. Hence, knowing the top 10 essential outdoor survival tips is not just an investment in our outdoor experience but also in our personal well-being.

Always carry a basic survival kit

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When it comes to embarking on any outdoor activity, carrying a basic survival kit is always a wise idea. You never know when things might go south, and it's always essential to be well-prepared to face any challenges that come your way. A survival kit should be tailored to your specific needs, but some basics should be included in every kit.

Here are some step-by-step tips to help you create a basic survival kit:

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Step 1: Start with a proper container
Choose a sturdy, waterproof container or zipper pouch to keep your survival gear in. This will keep everything organized and dry.

Step 2: Shelter
Carry a Mylar survival blanket or tarp to help you create a shelter. You can also include a lightweight tent or hammock if you have space.

Step 3: Water
Carry a water filter, tablets or a water bottle with a filter straw to help you stay hydrated. In an emergency, you can also boil water for purification.

Step 4: Fire
Bring along a fire-starting kit, such as waterproof matches, a lighter or a magnesium fire starter. You will need it for warmth and cooking food.

Step 5: First Aid Kit
Pack a small first aid kit that includes essentials such as band-aids, antiseptic, painkillers, and other necessities.

Step 6: Food and Cooking Supplies
Pack lightweight, easy-to-prepare foods, such as energy bars, trail mix, or freeze-dried meals. Include utensils, a pot, and a stove.

Step 7: Navigation
Carry a compass, map, or GPS device to help you find your way in case you get lost.

It's important to remember that a survival kit is only effective if you know how to use it. Take time to familiarize yourself with your gear before heading out and keep your kit updated with fresh supplies.

always carry a basic survival kit before you go on any outdoor activity. With proper planning and preparation, you can enjoy a great adventure and be equipped to handle any emergency that may arise. Stay safe, and have a great time out there!

Know how to start a fire without a lighter or matches

Starting a fire is an essential survival skill, and learning how to do it without a lighter or matches is crucial. Whether you're camping in the wilderness or facing an emergency situation, knowing how to start a fire without traditional tools can be a lifesaver.

Here are some key tips and useful information that can help you master the art of starting a fire from scratch:

1. Build your fire in a safe location. Make sure that you choose an area that's clear of any dry grass, leaves, or other combustible materials.

2. Use friction to create heat. The friction method involves using a bow drill or hand drill to create enough heat to ignite a piece of kindling. This process can take time and effort, but it's an effective way to start a fire without matches.

3. Use a magnifying glass or a lens. If you have a magnifying glass or a lens, you can use it to focus the sun's rays onto a piece of kindling. This method requires a direct sunlight source and can take some time.

4. Use a battery and steel wool. Touching a piece of steel wool to the terminal of a battery creates a spark, which can ignite a piece of kindling. This method is quick and easy, but you'll need to carry a battery and steel wool with you.

5. Make fire starters ahead of time. You can prepare homemade fire starters by dipping cotton balls in wax, or by using dryer lint and petroleum jelly. These can be an easy and effective way to start a fire without matches.

knowing how to start a fire without a lighter or matches is an essential survival skill that can save your life in an emergency situation. Whether you choose to use friction, a magnifying glass, a battery and steel wool, or homemade fire starters, make sure you practice beforehand. Learning these methods ahead of time can be the difference between staying warm and safe or finding yourself in a dangerous situation.

Learn how to properly purify water

Purifying water is an important skill to have, whether you're camping in the wilderness, facing a natural disaster, or simply looking for a reliable way to obtain clean drinking water. But with so many different methods and products available, it can be overwhelming to figure out the best way to purify water for your specific needs. That's why we've put together this guide to help you learn how to properly purify water, so you can stay hydrated and healthy no matter where you are.

Here are some key factors, details, and useful information to keep in mind when learning how to purify water:

1. Know your water source: Before you can choose the best purification method, you need to know what you're dealing with. Is the water from a natural stream or lake? Is it from a faucet or other municipal source? Knowing the initial source of your water will help you determine the contaminants you need to remove.

2. Choose the right method: There are many ways to purify water, including boiling, using a water filter or purifier, using chemical treatments, or using ultraviolet (UV) light. Each method has its pros and cons depending on the situation, so it's important to research and choose the best one for your needs.

3. Treat for viruses AND bacteria: Many water treatments focus solely on removing bacteria, but it's important to make sure you're also treating for viruses and other pathogens that can make you sick. Make sure to read the labels of any purification products you use and follow the instructions carefully.

4. Store and transport water safely: Even if you've purified your water, it's important to store and transport it in a safe and clean manner. Use clean containers, avoid cross-contamination with other liquids or foods, and keep your purified water away from sources of contamination.

By following these key factors, details, and useful information, you'll be well on your way to properly purifying water and staying hydrated and healthy no matter where your adventures take you.

Conclusion

These 10 essential outdoor survival tips that every adventurer must know should not be taken lightly. It is recommended that you always carry a basic survival kit that includes a map, a compass, a first-aid kit, and other essential items. Learning how to start a fire without a lighter or matches can be a lifesaver, especially in emergency situations. And, most importantly, knowing how to properly purify water can save you from getting sick and dehydrated. Incorporating these tips into your outdoor adventures will not only improve your overall experience but will also ensure your safety and well-being. So, stay prepared and stay safe!

As we prepare to embark on our next outdoor adventure, it's important to remember that we are entering a world that is unpredictable and can throw daunting obstacles our way. However, with the right equipment and knowledge, we can successfully overcome any challenges nature presents us. In this post, we will equip our readers with the essential knowledge that they need to navigate through nature safely and confidently. Stay tuned for more tips and recommendations to ensure a successful and enjoyable outdoor adventure.

Wear waterproof and breathable clothing.

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As an outdoor enthusiast, the most important piece of gear you'll have is the clothing on your back. It can make or break your trip, especially when the weather takes a turn for the worst. The best way to combat inclement weather is to wear waterproof and breathable clothing. Here are some tips and tricks to help you get the most out of your gear:

1. Know what you need: There are different types of waterproof and breathable fabrics. Some are better suited for heavy rain and others for light showers. Do your research to figure out what will work best for the conditions you'll be facing.

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2. Wear layers: Layering is a key component in staying comfortable while active in the outdoors. Start with a waterproof and breathable base layer, add a mid-layer for warmth, and a shell over the top to keep out the rain.

3. Check for breathability: It's important to make sure the fabric you're wearing is breathable. If your clothing is waterproof but not breathable, you'll end up feeling wet and clammy from sweat.

4. Don't forget about the fit: Make sure your clothing fits well and allows for a full range of motion. You don't want to be restricted while moving or have excess fabric that can get caught on rocks or branches.

5. Take care of your gear: Proper maintenance of your waterproof and breathable clothing will extend its lifespan. Follow the care instructions closely and avoid using fabric softeners or harsh detergents.

Wearing waterproof and breathable clothing is not only crucial for keeping you dry and comfortable on your outdoor adventures but can also prevent hypothermia and other health risks associated with exposure to rain and cold weather. As you prepare for your next trip, don't overlook the importance of proper clothing. Invest in quality gear, follow these tips, and enjoy the great outdoors in any weather condition.

Use a waterproof backpack to store dry clothes and gear.

When it comes to outdoor adventures, keeping your gear dry is key for staying comfortable and safe. One of the most useful tools for this is a waterproof backpack, which can keep your dry clothes and gear protected from rain, splashes, and even accidental submersion.

Here are some key tips and useful information for using a waterproof backpack to store dry clothes and gear:

1. Look for high-quality materials: Not all waterproof backpacks are created equal. Look for backpacks made from durable, waterproof materials like reinforced vinyl or nylon. Ensure that the backpack has waterproof zippers and taped seams to further protect your gear from moisture.

2. Use separate compartments: To keep your dry clothes and gear organized and easily accessible, use separate compartments within your waterproof backpack. This will also help prevent cross-contamination between wet and dry items.

3. Pack your items strategically: When packing your backpack, place your dry clothes and gear near the top so that they are easily accessible. Pack heavier, waterproof items like your rain jacket and tent near the bottom to help keep your center of gravity low.

4. Utilize dry bags for extra protection: Even if you have a waterproof backpack, it's a good idea to use extra protection for important items like electronics or important documents. Invest in dry bags and stuff sacks to further protect these items from moisture.

5. Practice proper backpack care: After each use, thoroughly clean and dry your waterproof backpack to prevent mold and mildew from developing. Follow any manufacturer guidelines to keep your backpack in top condition and ready for your next adventure.

Overall, a waterproof backpack can be a valuable addition to any outdoor enthusiast's gear collection. With proper use and care, it can protect your dry clothes and gear in even the wettest of conditions, allowing you to focus on the beauty of your surrounding environment.

Choose a campsite that offers protection from wind and rain.

When planning a camping trip, selecting the right campsite is crucial for a successful and safe experience. Choosing a campsite that offers protection from wind and rain is essential in ensuring the comfort and safety of campers. Here are some key factors and details to consider when selecting a campsite that offers protection from the elements:

1. Check the terrain: Look for campsites that are sheltered by natural features such as hills, trees or ridgelines. Avoid camping in exposed areas that are susceptible to strong gusts of wind or heavy rain.

2. Pitch your tent correctly: Even if your campsite offers shelter from the elements, it's important to pitch your tent correctly. Make sure that the tent is staked down securely and that the rainfly is properly installed. Doing so will keep you dry and prevent wind from causing any damage to your shelter.

3. Look for campsites with good drainage: In addition to offering protection from wind and rain, it's important to select a campsite that has good drainage for rainwater. This will ensure that your campsite doesn't become flooded during periods of heavy rainfall.

4. Plan ahead: Check the weather forecast for the area where you plan to camp. This will give you an idea of what to expect and help you choose a campsite that offers the best protection from the elements.

5. Be prepared: Bring the right gear and clothing to stay dry and comfortable should there be any rain or wind during your camping trip. This includes rain jackets, waterproof boots, and extra layers of clothing to stay warm, dry and comfortable.

Choosing a campsite that offers protection from wind and rain is essential to a successful camping trip. With these key factors and details in mind, you can select the perfect campsite for a safe and comfortable outdoor adventure.

Conclusion

Staying dry, warm, and safe in nature is crucial for any outdoor adventurer. Following these simple tips such as wearing waterproof and breathable clothing, using a waterproof backpack, and choosing a suitable campsite can help you not only stay comfortable but also stay safe in any weather conditions. By implementing these practices, you can ensure that you are better equipped to handle the elements while enjoying the beauty of nature. Remember, prevention is always better than cure, and these tips will go a long way in improving your overall outdoor experience. So, go ahead, explore the wilderness, and enjoy nature to its fullest, but always keep these tips in mind to ensure a safe and enjoyable journey.

Stay positive and maintain a can-do attitude

Staying positive and maintaining a can-do attitude may be one of the most important things you can do for both your personal and professional growth. While it's easy to feel overwhelmed and discouraged in any situation, a positive mindset can help you overcome challenges that come your way. So, if you're looking to improve your outlook and want to start taking steps towards a more positive life, read on for some tips and tricks!

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1. Practice Gratitude: Focus on what you have and not what you lack. Be thankful for the little things and for the people in your life. Every morning, reflect on the things that make you happy.

2. Surround Yourself With Positive People: Be around people who make you happy and do things that bring positivity in your life. Being in a supportive and positive environment can help you maintain a positive attitude.

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3. Be Mindful: Pay attention to your thoughts and feelings. Instead of dwelling on negative thoughts, try to re-frame them in a positive way. Practice mindfulness through meditation or yoga to help calm your mind.

4. Set Goals and Celebrate Them: Set achievable goals and focus on the progress you make, rather than the setbacks. Reward yourself when you make progress, no matter how small it is.

5. Take Care of Your Body: Eating well, exercising, and getting enough rest and sleep, can have a significant impact on your mood and outlook.

Staying positive and maintaining a can-do attitude takes time and practice. It's not something that happens overnight, but with small steps, you can improve your mindset. Cherish every success, even small ones, and celebrate life’s little pleasures. Remember, positivity and a can-do attitude are contagious, so spread the love and help others see the bright side of life too.

Focus on your goals instead of your fears

Focusing on your goals and aspirations can be an incredibly empowering experience that propels you to achieve success. However, many people often find themselves stuck in the grips of fear and uncertainty when it comes to pursuing their dreams. This can be particularly challenging if your goals require you to step out of your comfort zone or take on new challenges. It is often at this point that our fears begin to drown out our ambition, hindering our ability to make progress and achieve our dreams. But it doesn't have to be this way. By shifting your focus from your fears to your goals, you can put yourself on the path to success with ease.

Here are some key tips to help you focus on your goals instead of your fears:

1. Identify your goals. Take some time to sit down and reflect on what you want to achieve. What is it that you truly desire? Write down your goals and break them down into manageable steps.

2. Identify your fears. Write down all the fears that are holding you back. Acknowledge them, but don't dwell on them. Instead, use them as motivation to overcome them.

3. Visualize your success. Visualize yourself achieving your goals, enjoying the benefits of your success, and overcoming any obstacles that come your way.

4. Develop a plan. Create a plan that outlines the steps you need to take to achieve your goals. Break this plan down into smaller chunks to make it more manageable.

5. Take action. Take the first step towards achieving your goals, no matter how small. The more momentum you gain, the easier it will become to overcome your fears.

By focusing on your goals instead of your fears, you can develop the resilience and determination needed to overcome any obstacles that come your way. It is the best way to become successful, and you can do it too, by following these steps.

Stay in the present moment and avoid thoughts of the past or future

When we talk about staying in the present moment and avoiding thoughts of the past or future, it seems simple enough. However, often it can be challenging to implement. The mind has a tendency to wander, to dwell on past events or worry about what’s to come. It’s not uncommon to feel overwhelmed with anxiety, guilt, or regret, and this can lead to a spiral of negative thoughts and emotions.

The good news is that it’s possible to train our minds to stay in the present moment. With practice and persistence, we can learn to quiet our thoughts and tune in to the present. Here are some key factors to keep in mind when working on staying present:

1. Mindfulness meditation can help. Meditation is an excellent way to cultivate awareness of the present moment. By focusing on the breath, we can learn to quiet the mind and let go of thoughts of the past or future.

2. Focus on what you can control. It’s easy to get caught up in worrying about the future or regretting past decisions. Instead, try to focus on what you can control right now. Take action on the things within your power.

3. Be kind to yourself. It’s natural for the mind to wander, and it’s okay if you find yourself dwelling on the past or worrying about the future. Be kind and gentle with yourself, and try to bring your attention back to the present moment.

4. Try mindfulness exercises throughout the day. Practice paying attention to your senses and your surroundings throughout the day. Notice the sights, sounds, smells, and sensations around you.

5. Let go of judgment. Often, we judge ourselves and others based on the past or the future. Instead, try to let go of judgment and accept things as they are in the present moment.

Remember, staying in the present moment is a process, not an end goal. By practicing mindfulness and staying present, we can learn to live more fully in the present and cultivate greater peace and happiness in our lives.

Conclusion

Keeping your mind strong is crucial when it comes to wilderness survival. As we have seen, there are several tips that can help you maintain your mental resilience and overcome any challenges that come your way. By staying positive, focusing on your goals, and remaining in the present moment, you can keep your spirits high and stay motivated. These psychological strategies are not only useful in the wilderness but can also be applied to daily life, helping you to live a more fulfilling and satisfying life. Therefore, take time to work on your mental resilience and make it a priority in your life – it can make all the difference in the world.

How to Avoid a Wolf Attack

The same precautions you take when hiking in bear country, such as carrying bear spray, will also help you avoid a wolf attack. Many wolves are naturally afraid of humans, especially if they are trapped in a small space with us. Remember, a wolf can smell your human scent from up to a mile away. Also, if you have the time, leave some trail mix on the trail to entice the wolf away from you. There are three types of wolf attacks: either a scavenger attack, an ambush attack, or a pursuit attack. The most dangerous type of attack is the ambush attack, because it’s hard for you to escape. In an ambush attack, a wolf will rush towards you and attack at a close distance. If you don’t panic and run away, your odds of survival are significantly greater.

What to do if You Encounter a Wolf

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You are probably not going to die in a wolf attack. Even the biggest of wolves are no match for most people. A predator might win a fight, but not without heavy casualties. Don’t run from a wolf or try to outsmart it. The best defense is simply to stay calm and walk calmly and slowly away. By repeating this simple phrase, “I’m not afraid of you,” or “I’m not afraid of you, I’m not afraid of you,” if a wolf attacks, the wolf will likely decide to back off. Keep in mind that the first line of defense against a wolf attack is to make yourself bigger and louder. If you scare a wolf, it may attack to protect itself. Of course, if a wolf attacks you, it is likely to attack and tear you to shreds. If a wolf attacks you, there’s no way to stop it. Your only option is to fight back.

What to do if a Wolf Approaches You

If a wolf shows up within 200 yards (180 meters), try to make yourself look big, wave your arms, and shout loudly. Never run away from a wolf. Many people run or attempt to climb a tree, but this is usually foolish because running will only provoke the wolf to chase you further. Don’t try to get a better look at the wolf. This may cause the wolf to approach more aggressively. Instead, do not run; stay still, and just try to look as large as possible. Make loud noises. Talk loudly or blow a whistle to frighten the wolf away. If a wolf shows no signs of stopping, then take one small step in the direction of the wolf. If the wolf doesn’t retreat, run at a quick pace. If a wolf follows you, slowly turn around and walk backwards towards where you came from. Do not turn around.

What to do if a Wolf Follows You

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If you do happen to come across a wolf pack, here are some steps to follow if the pack follows you. 1. Ignore the Wolf Pack If the pack’s behavior is normal, and you think the animals are probably going to keep their distance anyway, ignore the wolves. Unless you are headed directly for the pack, keep moving slowly and carefully. 2. Stop, Back up, and Stand Still If you do encounter a pack of wolves, slow down to a walk and immediately stop. Don’t run, and don’t crouch down, as the wolves may want to go after your body. You should also stand still as you avoid movement. Don’t crouch down, and don’t move until the wolves move away. 3. Return to the Group If the pack doesn’t back off and you are getting harassed by the animals, return to your group.

What to do if a Wolf Gets in Your Camp

First, know that wolves are more likely to attack people who are less prepared than their attackers. They often follow prey animals to their retreats, and follow them to food sources to feed. This is why wolves are not normally aggressive to people, though there is one rare report of a wolf killing a person that was later proven to have been wrongly identified. If you spot a wolf on the trail, wait to see if it moves on, but if it doesn’t, move quickly and back away, staying in an open area away from the wolf and as far from the predator as possible. If the wolf turns towards you, defend yourself with sticks and rocks. You can use a sling shot to try to distract the wolf, but wolves rarely attack when you are shooting at them with a gun.

What to do if a Wolf Charges You

First of all, it’s important to know the difference between a wounded or abandoned wolf and a healthy wild wolf. Wolves rarely attack humans and they are usually very wary around humans. If a wolf does charge, try to appear as big and scary as possible. This is important to remember if you are attacked or simply startled by a charging wolf. If you are attacked, fight back. If you do find a young wolf at your campsite, do not approach it. Wolves are quick to run if they see a predator. One coyote can reach speeds up to 45 mph when they chase prey, and wolves can move much faster than that. You may also want to use pepper spray.

What to do if a Wolf Grabs or Bites You

1. Get away. If a wolf tries to attack you, you should immediately get away. Stay at least 50 yards away from the animal. If the wolf continues to approach, you should make yourself look larger by raising your arms and pointing at the animal. Scream, clap your hands, stomp your feet, or kick and scream. Start waving your arms and make noise to scare the wolf away. Try to remove the animal from the area. If the animal is not frightened, or if the animal is charging, throw rocks, sticks, or other objects at the animal. If you are not around large rocks, try to pick up small children or small objects to throw. 2. Wait for it to leave. If the wolf continues to approach you, do not try to run. Wolf attacks are not often fatal, but they are still deadly.

Know Where Mountain Lions Roam

When it comes to finding mountain lions, there are many places you can go. Check out this excellent resource on the U.S. Forest Service website: By visiting these spots, you can greatly increase your chances of survival if you run into a mountain lion. First and foremost, you should be aware of the proper terms and places to go looking for mountain lions. When you’re out looking for them, you should avoid areas with a lot of vegetation. Even on heavily forested land, mountain lions tend to do their best hunting near homes or other human-made structures. Additionally, mountain lions can be found in parks and other locations where they’re considered less of a threat. Likewise, mountain lions tend to avoid roads. Don’t go anywhere near roads, drive slowly, and be alert at all times.

How to Avoid Mountain Lions

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Lion behavior can be hard to predict. Many attacks are the result of an animal getting spooked while roaming through an area with a small amount of prey (like deer). If you see a mountain lion, do your best to show no fear and not run or give any attention to it. If it shows interest in you, back away slowly while maintaining eye contact. To scare it away, make loud noises and clap your hands, throw sticks, branches, rocks, or other objects, or wave your arms and yell. If you can’t escape by staying quiet, the most important thing to remember is to try not to surprise the lion by running. Running with your hands in the air or completely covering your face can greatly increase your chances of being killed.

What to do if You Encounter a Mountain Lion

If you come across a mountain lion, you should try to stay calm, and act aggressively if the animal attacks you. The thing to remember, though, is that cougars don’t typically want to eat you. They’ll go after the easy prey first, such as deer, and leave you to be their meal later. Avoid physical contact with a mountain lion. If you do encounter one of these animals, make sure to stand your ground, and face the animal. Don’t run away from the cougar; doing so will only trigger its attack instinct. Keep your feet planted firmly on the ground, and face the cougar directly. Keep your hands at your side, as well. If you run, it will give the cougar a good idea that you’re a threat, and this is how they make the decision to attack.

What to do if a Mountain Lion Stalks You

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If you are confronted with a mountain lion, it’s important to recognize and understand the animal’s intent before deciding how to act. If you’re lucky enough to encounter a mountain lion while hiking, you’re going to want to move away quickly and as silently as possible. This will send the cat the message that you are a threat, and it should back off and avoid a confrontation. If you’re encountering a cougar in its natural environment, like the wilderness, you are more likely to avoid the animal. However, if you’re hiking on private land, especially on a mountain, you’re going to need to proceed with caution. If you see a mountain lion, take action.

What to do if a Mountain Lion Attacks You

If you encounter a mountain lion, the best thing to do is not fight back. They’re much stronger than you and will pounce on you and even kill you if they are hungry. If you’re lucky, you’ll be able to escape by running away from the mountain lion, or fighting the animal. Fighting a mountain lion will probably only make it angrier and, if you’re attacked, it’s likely the animal will attack you again if you don’t first run away. If your actions do save your life, and you are attacked by a mountain lion: Run away from the mountain lion as fast as you can. Never try to approach a mountain lion. Never run from a mountain lion. Walk upright, keeping your back to the animal. Do not run or turn your back. Do not bend over, bend your legs, or crouch.

While bear attacks are rare, they are wild animals and there’s always a chance you might wind up in a dangerous scenario whenever you’re in a bear habitat.

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Before we get into ways to avoid a potentially dangerous bear encounter and how to survive a bear attack, it’s important to know about bear behavior in various bear populations.

Different Types of Bears & Their Habitats

There are 8 species of bear in the world, including black bears, brown bears, polar bears, panda bears, and slot bears; and there are many subspecies of these bears. However, there are only a handful of bear species found in North America, so we’ll be focusing on them for this section of our guide. If you’re interested in bears found outside of the North American continent, such as the sloth bear, check out our other guide here.

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If you’re going to be camping or hiking outside of the North American continent, you’ll want to research which bears may be native to the area, but the tips on what to do should you encounter a bear will be similar, so it’s worth jumping to the relevant sections below.

Brown Bears & Grizzly Bears

Ever wondered what’s the difference between grizzly bears & brown bears? Grizzly bears are a subspecies of brown bear, and they’re found mountain valleys, dense forests, areas with thick brush, and thiand meadows. While grizzly bears don’t have much range in the U.S., they have a fairly large presence in Yellowstone National Park and the northwestern region of Montana. Brown bears, on the other hand, mostly live in Alaska, though there are small colonies throughout Washington, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and along the coasts.

Diet

The grizzly bears’ diet consists of plants including clovers, dandelions, pine nuts, and various grasses. For protein, they’ll feast on trout from local streams, and are known to eat worms, moths, ants, and other various insects. When the opportunity arises, they’ll scavenge the leftover scraps wolves leave behind after attacking elk and bison.

Brown bears are found along the coasts and feast mostly on salmon. The brown bears that inhabit the Alaska Peninsula are able to score an abundance of fish, more than most other coastal areas, which is why they tend to be larger than browns bears found elsewhere.

While fish is their primary source of nutrition, these bears are also known to enjoy a variety of clams, along with flowers, roots, and berries. Brown bears play a major role in planting and fertilizing berry patches in Alaska’s forests due to eating them en masse and leaving their seeds behind after digestion.

Size

Because brown bears often have access to an abundance of fish (lots of fat & protein), they tend to be much larger than their grizzly counterparts. The brown bears that live on Alaskan coastline can weigh over 1,500 lbs. and reach heights of 10 feet when standing on their hind legs. Grizzlies, on the other hand, typically weigh much less–anywhere from 200 to 800 pounds, and can stand up to 8 feet tall (or taller, in some cases).

Behavior

In general, grizzly bears are territorial and tend to be more aggressive towards other bears and humans than brown bears due to the lack of easily-available food in their habitats. This means that a grizzly bear attack may be more likely than a brown bear attack, so extra caution is recommended when camping in grizzly country.

Black Bears

The name “black bear” is a bit of a misnomer–while he majority of these bears are indeed black, their fur can come in a variety of different colors, all the way from a snow white color, to many shades of brown. These bears are found all throughout North America, Canada, and Northern Mexico, and can live in a variety of habitats.

The American black bear tends to avoid plains and open lands and instead prefers forests and mountainous regions, unless the flat areas have river access and tree coverage.

Diet

Similar to brown bears and grizzly bears, black bears are omnivorous and enjoy a variety of food sources. When it comes to plants, these bears enjoy berries, grasses, roots, fruits, and other plants. In fact, much like brown bears, black bears play a big role in planting and fertilizing berry patches in the Alaskan forests, a little later in the season when the brown bears have moved on to fishing for salmon.

For protein, they enjoy hoofed animals such as deer, elk, and moose–though they’re usually only able to catch and kill younger prey. They’re also known to feast on livestock such as goats and sheep when the opportunity presents itself.

It’s important to note that black bears are especially fond of trash and pet food, so it’s important to keep your trash and food sealed up tight when camping in their habitats.

Size

Black bears are medium-sized, with males usually weighing around 300-400 pounds (though some subspecies can weigh up to 600 pounds), and females usually weighing less than 200 lbs. The average height for these bears is around 5-6 feet when standing on its hind legs, which is quite a bit shorter than brown & grizzly bears (though still not small, by any stretch!).

Behavior

Black bears tend to be fairly shy, and only act aggressively if they feel they have no other option. While they would generally rather avoid confrontations with humans, they can still be dangerous if provoked or hungry, though almost every incident with humans will be a defensive attack. If you encounter a black bear, avoidance is the best course of action if at all possible.

Polar Bears

Unless you’re hiking in the artic circle or areas such as Alaska, the northern regions of Canada, Greenland, or Russia, you’re probably not going to run into any polar bears. If you find yourself in areas with sea ice, you’ll want to keep a sharp out eye for these beautiful, powerful creatures–they can be very dangerous in close quarters.

Diet

While most types of bears are omnivorous and enjoy a variety of plants, polar bears are hypercarnivores (they almost exclusively eat meat). This is due to the fact that not many plants can grow in the harsh ice-covered lands these bears inhabit. Their diets consist almost completely of ringed seals, though they will also feast on bearded seals when possible. They can also attack and eat walruses, but smaller malnourished polar bears may not be strong enough to take them down.

Size

Male polar bears can be absolutely massive. It’s not uncommon for these beautiful creatures to weight up to 1,500 lbs. and stand up to 10 feet tall on hind legs. Female polar bears are generally much smaller, averaging 6 to 8 feet tall and usually don’t exceed 600 pounds.

Behavior

Seals can be tricky to catch, even for skilled predators such as the polar bear. Because of this, it’s not uncommon for polar bears to go quite a while between meals, which means they can get very hungry. When they’re hungry, they become more aggressive, which can be bad for humans who find themselves in the same vicinity. With that said, polar bears who have recently eaten are much less likely to attack humans unless they feel threatened, but they’re not territorial like grizzly & brown bears and would prefer to avoid fights if possible. That said, they’re much more likely to commit a predatory attack than other species.

Avoiding Bear Encounters

Identify & Avoid Bear Habitats

Identifying bear habitats and keeping an eye out for fresh bear tracks can help to avoid a potentially fatal encounter.

Watching for droppings, footprints, leftover carcasses, potential dens, and natural landforms that could hide a grizzly is also very important in avoiding an attack.

Signs of Bear Dens

Bears are very clever creatures, and they know to avoid trails and heavily-trafficked areas where humans are known to roam. In fact, unless you’re exploring some fairly remote areas, the chances of encountering a den are pretty slim. With that said, it’s important to know the signs to look for so you can act appropriately in the off chance you stumble into a den.

Many people think of caves when they picture bear dens. While caves do make great dens, there are many places across the continent that don’t offer caves to shelter in, so bears will make due with what’s available.

Large hallow trees are a favorite option, but trees large and rotten enough to no longer have an inside are fairly rare. More commonly, bears will locate trees with large root systems and dig out space underneath to create a den. Another common choice for dens are hillsides, where bears will dig in to create a bear-made cave to ride out the winter in.

When bears can’t find a nice natural den, and can’t find a good place to hollow out, they often resort to finding an area with fallen trees and thick brush to camp out under, or find an area that has decent wind coverage and scoop up leaves and branches to create a bed.

While bears do sleep a lot during their hibernation period, many will often venture out several times in search of snacks in a state of torpor (lethargy, low brain activity). While they’re more likely to be docile during these forages, they’re still best avoided.

Polar bears don’t hibernate, but they still den to nurture their offspring. They create a shelter out of ice and snow to stay in while they give birth and feed their young for several months. Usually, only female polar bears will stay in a den for any length of time, and they’re very protective of potential intruders.

If you come across what you suspect may be a den, but there are no bears in sight, there are some telltale signs to look for. One sign you’re near a den is trees that are missing a lot of bark, and bark shavings on the ground. Bark makes a great bear bed, so they tend to harvest it when prepping their den for the winter. Additionally, if you come across large piles of bear scat there’s a good chance a den may not be too far off.

If you happen to stumble upon a bear den in the middle of winter, it’s not advisable to go near it. While bears often sleep during the coldest months of the year, they also have babies during this time and will nurse them, so they can be hypersensitive and protective when it comes to their offspring.

Similarly, you don’t want to find yourself too close to a den as bears emerge from hibernation during the spring. Male bears tend to emerge in the later part of March, while female bears with cubs tend to emerge in April and May.

After a long winter of little to no eating, plus nurturing newborn cubs, it’s unsurprising bears will emerge from their dens with quite an appetite. Plants will work in a pinch, but meat is necessary to help bears regain their strength. They’ll be looking for easy prey, and will also jump at the chance to rummage through garbage in nearby campsites. Hungry bears and defensive bears are the most likely to attack humans, so you don’t want to run into any that have recently emerged from hibernation.

Hike Smart

If you’re thinking about doing some hiking during your trip, plan ahead and be prepared to help reduce the chances of encountering a bear during your outing.

Most bears do their feeding around dawn and dusk, so it’s a good idea to plan your hikes around these times. That’s not to say you won’t encounter a bear at any other times during the day, but the odds are reduced.

If at all possible, avoid hiking solo. Bring at least one partner on your hikes, to help establish more of a presence and reduce the chances of accidentally sneaking up on a bear and surprising it. The more people in your group, the safer you’ll be from bears. No only does having more people create more noise which can help scare bears off, but more hikers means more eyes keeping a lookout and spotting bears so that your group can act accordingly.

Hiking is a rigorous activity, so you’ll likely need to bring along some snacks to help keep your energy levels up. Keep these snacks sealed tightly while you’re out on the trail, and keep your trash and wrappers sealed up when you’re finished eating to help reduce the chances of nearby bears smelling food as you pass through their territory.

Make plenty of noise with your group while you’re hiking to let nearby bears know you’re in the area. Since bears would prefer to avoid humans, giving them a heads up that you’re passing through is often all that’s necessary to ensure you avoid any run-ins during your hike. See below for more tips on using noise as a deterrent.

Carry bear spray with you in the event that you do encounter a hostile bear that isn’t scared off by your group. Hopefully you won’t need to use it, but it’s better to have it just in case. Also go armed with knowledge of best ways to protect yourself in the event of an attack as a last-ditch resort (covered below).

Noise as a Deterrent

While bears aren’t generally scare of humans, most species would prefer to avoid human contact when possible. Sounds associated with humans–such as talking, yelling, laughing, and clapping can help keep bears away. With that said, there are plenty of ways to make noise, though none of them are as effective as sounding human.

Even so, noise of any kind can’t be considered a terribly effective way to ward off bears–especially if they’re hungry, startled, or cornered (accidentally or otherwise).

Noisemakers

While noisemakers may keep bears away, they’ll quickly discover that these noises don’t lead to any negative repercussions, so they’ll likely learn to ignore them. Some believe strapping bear bells to your backpack can help deter bears, but in reality they aren’t a great deterrent. They’re not loud enough, and by the time a bear hears them, you’re already too close. Plus, bears don’t associate the sound of bells with the sound of humans, so they don’t know to be wary in the even they do hear them.

Whistles

Whistle sounds aren’t intimidating to bears and generally have no effect when it comes to scaring them off. However, a whistle can be a very handy SOS signal to alert any nearby campers or hikers that you’re in trouble, which can hopefully lead to people arriving to assist (and groups of people are more intimidating than a solo person or small group of people).

Music

Unnatural noises may keep bears away, though the jury is out on whether music may keep bears at bay. In some cases, music may notify bears that something strange is in the area and they may be inclined to investigate. However, in other cases, it’s been discovered that music can annoy and deter bears. It’s not advisable to put all your eggs in the music-as-a-deterrent basket, however.

Talking

As mentioned earlier, most bears would rather avoid humans in most situations. Talking loudly, yelling, and clapping can signal to a bear that humans are nearby. This can be enough to keep them at bay, but it’s also not a fool-proof method. It does work better than most other options, though, as noises NOT associated with humans may trigger a bear’s curiosity and lead them to you, instead of scaring them away.

Smell Natural

Mammals, and bears especially, are curious creatures. Odd smells such as scented lotions and perfumes may attract the interest of bears in the area, so it’s best to avoid them. If you’re able to shower, be sure to use scent-free soap and shampoo to help get clean and fresh smelling without adding unnatural smells.

After you’ve showered (or jumped in a nearby lake or river, without any soaps or shampoos to preserve the water’s natural chemical balance and protect the aquatic wildlife), sprinkle baking soda all over your body (especially the areas that sweat the most, such as your armpits, groin, feet, and hair). Baking soda helps kill and prevent odor causing bacteria, which leads to a more natural and neutral scent.

You don’t have to smell bad just because you’re out in the wilderness, so be sure to check out our tips for ways to smell great in the wilderness (without attracting nearby wildlife).

Keeping Bears Away From Your Campsite

Before you worry about how to survive a bear attack, it’s good to know the best ways to avoid dealing with them in the first place. One key way to minimize your risk of an encounter is to take care of your campsite and take simple steps to avoid drawing unwanted attention.

One of the best ways to keep bears away from you campsite is to choose a spot that’s not frequented by bears in the first place. That can be easier said than done, but there are several telltale signs to look for before you decide to pitch your tent or hang your hammock. If you’re hammock camping, be sure to check out the Ultimate Hammock Camping Guide for more tips on how to avoid bears and other animals.

If you notice bear tracks near where you’re planning on setting up camp, it’s a good idea to reconsider your location. Similarly, if you see scratched trees, discarded food (especially signs of kills, such as bones or animal carcasses), or bear droppings, you’re likely not too far away from some local bears.

Keeping Your Campsite Clean

Bears have an incredible sense of smell, and most species of bear can smell food up to twenty miles away. If a bear catches a whiff of your trash and leftover food scraps, there’s a chance they’ll move in to investigate. If they spot you they’ll likely keep their distance unless they’re starving, but that’s not a chance you ought to take.

If you leave trash improperly secured overnight or while you leave camp for any length of time, a bear is much more likely to wander in and feast on your garbage. This is why it’s essential to bring along bear-proof, scent-proof containers to store trash in, unless you’re at a campsite that has bearproof dumpsters you can utilize.

If you’re storing your trash, it’s important to note that bearproof does not equal scent-proof. You can opt for odor-blocking bags to store your trash in inside of your cannisters if you want to be extra cautious. Either way, it’s a good idea to store your trash away from your campsite–at least 100 feet, but up to 100 yards is even better if possible. Even better, string your trash cannister(s) up from a high, sturdy tree branch or a bear pole to make it even more difficult to get to.

Store Your Toiletries Properly

As mentioned above, bears can be interested by curious smells such as scented body soaps, shampoos, lotions, and other items. While camping, store whatever toiletries you bring with you in a airtight containers if possible. Otherwise, be sure to at least double or triple-bag these items to reduce their scents as much as possible. This include your toothbrush, toothpaste, deodorant, soaps, body wipes, and any other items that may emit an odor (no matter how faint the smell may be to you).

While there’s no guarantee that bears may pick up on the scent of these items, it’s another case of “better safe than sorry,” and it doesn’t take much extra time or effort.

Be Mindful of Your Food

Similar to trash, bears love the smell of human food. Just like storing trash, it’s a good idea to keep your food sealed in odor-proof bags locked up tight in bearproof containers. Again, you should keep your food at least 100 feet away from your campsite, ideally 100 yards away. If possible, string your food bear canisters up next to your trash cannisters from a high, sturdy tree branch or bear pole if available. Storing food in a tree may not do much good if you don’t use an air tight container

Whatever you do, don’t store food in your tent or hammock. The last thing you want is to be woken up in the middle of the night by the sounds of heavy footsteps and sniffing near where you’ve been sleeping.

If the food you’re cooking smells delicious to you, you can bet it smells delicious to any nearby bears. While they’ll likely keep their distance if they can hear or see people at your campsite, the scent will linger. If it lingers past your bedtime or while you decide to go exploring, hungry bears will have little reason to stay away.

For this reason, it’s a good idea to cook your food 100 yards away from your campsite, and upwind if possible. If you’re cooking with electric or gas-powered equipment, it’s usually fairly easy to set up a temporary kitchen away from camp. If you plan to cook over a fire and have already built a cozy campfire in your camp, it may seem like a pain to have to build a separate fire to cook over. However, it’s worth the effort to avoid any run-ins with hungry bears.

When you’re done cooking, be sure to thoroughly clean your dishes and store your gear in more bearproof containers, once again (you guessed it) near your trash and stored food. Don’t use your clothes to dry dishes; instead, use designated cloths that you can store in bear canisters along with your food and other cooking gear.

Answer Nature’s Call Far Away from Camp

When nature calls, finding the nearest semi-private area is the quickest and easiest way to take care of business. However, urine odor has been proven to attract bears, so it’s a good idea to put some distance between your campsite and your makeshift restroom.

If you would rather not stray too far from the comfort of your tent you may wish to urinate in a bottle, just be sure to seal it tight. If that’s not an option, try to head at least one hundred yards away upwind of your campsite to take care of business. If you need to do more than pee, dig a hole at least 6 inches deep to go in, and be sure to fill it in and stamp it down before heading back to camp.

Digging holes when you need to go can be inconvenient, so you may want to bring along a trowel to make quick work of the task.

Do Campfires Keep Bears Away?

While relaxing around a campfire is arguably one of the best parts of a camping trip, they aren’t great at deterring bears. In fact, a campfire may attract any that happen to be nearby. However, as mentioned before, bears would prefer to avoid humans in most situations, so being loud and having a good time while around your campfire. The main thing to remember is not to cook at your campfire if at all possible, and to instead build a separate fire for cooking away from your campsite.

For more helpful tips, learn more about how to keep animals out of your campsite.

Why Do Bears Attack?

While bear attacks do happen, they’re given a bad wrap by popular culture. Often portrayed as mean, vicious killing machines, most species of bear are actually very docile when it comes to humans. They generally only attack when they feel threatened, or they’re starving and are desperate for food.

With that said, it’s best to avoid bears as best as possible when out in bear country, because you don’t want to risk the chances of encountering a bear that thinks you’re a threat or a starving bear that’s looking for its next meal.

Black Bear Attacks

Black bears are the least likely to attack humans, and are just as afraid of you as you are of them–their only interest (usually) in encounters with humans is their own safety and survival.

With that said, black bears have attacked and killed people, but it’s very rare and usually when a person surprises and startles them in close quarters where they feel trapped.

Brown & Grizzly Bear Attacks

Brown bears & grizzlies, on the other hand, are extremely territorial and protective of their cubs, so they’re most likely to attack if they feel their territory or young are in danger.

That said, grizzlies typically only attack and fight if they feel threatened, so they likely won’t actively hunt down a person. However, if you’re too close to their territory, you may be perceived as a threat, so it’s important to keep an eye out for signs of bears in the area and act appropriately.

Polar Bear Attacks

While most bear species are scared of humans, polar bears are not. Polar bears are the most aggressive species, but it’s not because they’re out to get humans in particular. It’s because they are often lacking the food they need to stay satiated, so they’ll take a meal whenever the opportunity presents itself.

In face, polar bears don’t differentiate humans from any other potential prey–we look just as appetizing as seals and other creatures that consist of their diet, and actually probably look much easier to catch and eat than the walruses and other giant creatures they feast on.

They’re unique in this way–most man-eaters (such as lions) understand that humans are dangerous and treat us differently than other prey.

What to Do During a Bear Encounter

If all of your efforts to avoid and deter bears don’t prevent you from coming face to face with one of these mighty creatures, it’s important to stay as calm as possible and act appropriately.

There’s a very good chance you will be afraid (who wouldn’t be?), but fortunately bears don’t attack because they sense fear. In fact, with the exception of polar bears, most bears will only attack when they feel threatened, you’ve invaded their space, or they’re extremely hungry. Otherwise, they would much rather avoid humans in just about any scenario.

However, bear attacks do happen (rare as they may be), and if you find yourself staring down a hostile bear it’s good to be prepared and know how to survive a bear attack and minimize risk of injury or death.

A bear may approach you or stand on its hind legs to better inspect you, but this isn’t necessarily a sign of aggression–the bear is likely trying to determine what, exactly, you are.

Act Like a Large Human

Ensure the bear knows that you’re a person by talking calmly in a deep tone and slowly waving your arms. Make yourself look as large as possible–open your jacket or button-down shirt and spread it to appear bigger, and slowly work your way to higher ground if possible. Avoid screaming, making loud noises, or sudden movements as you may provoke the bear into attacking.

Make Your Exit, But Don’t Run

If you’re with small children, pick them up. Instead of running, if the bear is stationary, slowly walk sideways to try and exit the area. Moving sideways allows you to keep an eye on the bear without risking falling down if you were to walk backwards. If the bear follows, stop and stand your ground–you won’t be able to outrun it, and bears will chase animals that run from them. Don’t try to climb trees, either–bears are excellent climbers.

When trying to leave the area, always give the bear a way out. If you block their only escape route, they’re more likely to feel threatened. If it’s not possible to make a clean getaway, stay where you are until the bear decides to leave. If you stumbled upon the bear and are blocking its only way out, slowly move out of the way of the exit.

If the bear is a female with cubs do not, under any circumstances, get between the mom and the cubs, and don’t make any movements that would indicate you’re moving towards the cubs. Doing so can make you seem like a threat to her cubs, and she will be much more likely to attack.

Protect Your Belongings

Don’t allow the bear to get at your food, as that may excite it and escalate the situation. Also, don’t drop your backpack if you have one–you can use it as a shield if things worsen and the bear gets too close. Their claws may be able to tear through the bag, but you can slow them down while you counter.

Use Bear Spray if Necessary

Bring bear pepper spray along on your hikes if you’re hiking through a potential bear habitat if pepper spray is allowed (if you’re unsure, contact the local wildlife authorities in the area you’ll be visiting).

Bear spray can be very effective in deterring a bear that intends on attacking you. If the bear is charging, or gets ahold of you, a burst of spray to the face and eyes of the bear can repel it. However, it’s important to use a spray that is designed specifically for bears to avoid long-term damage (always avoid ammonia sprays as they can permanently damage a bear’s nose, which is its most important tool for finding food).

Does Playing Dead Work?

If your attempts at deterring the bear or getting away have not proven successful, you may find yourself in physical combat with a bear. You may have heard the old adage that you should play dead to avoid serious harm or death.

This advice is partially true, but it depends on what type of bear you’re face to face with. If you’re up against a brown bear or facing a grizzly bear attack, playing dead is a good idea when it comes to your survival. Get down on your stomach, laying flat, and cover the back of your head with your hands. Spread your elbows and legs wide to make it more difficult to be flipped over, and lay as still as possible until the bear gets bored and wanders off. If the bear becomes more violent, your best option is to fight back. You’ll need to give it everything you’ve got, and focus your efforts on the bears most sensitive areas–namely, their face (nose and eyes). A few good hits can end a grizzly attack by causing them to retreat, but you’ll need to swing as hard as you can and connect in the right spots, which is easier said than done.

If you’re about to engage in a black bear attack, playing dead is a bad idea. Instead, go straight into attack mode if the bear wants to fight.

How to Survive a Bear Attack: Wrap-Up

If you follow the information outline above, you’ll be well-equipped with the knowledge you need to survive a bear attack in the event you have a run-in during your outing.

Open Streams, Creaks, and Rivers

Read moreThe Power of Three: Shelter, Water & Food

When you are out in the wild, and you come across a beautiful moving stream, it can be tempting to cup your hands to gather water and drink. The water looks so crisp, clean, and feels icy cold to the touch. Don’t let the clarity of the water fool you. There can be a variety of ugly bacteria living in there that will cause you to become sick.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tells us the United States has some of the safest drinking water in the world. However, beware of drinking from open streams. Some microscopic parasites are in the water due to animal feces and even human feces. Some of these nasty parasites can live in the water for months. The symptoms can be mild indigestion to full blown diarrhea.

Read moreHow to Survive a Bear Attack & Avoid Encounters

Boiling Water

In the old days before filtering water or purifying tablet were available people would boil water before they consumed it. Boiling water does not change the taste, but it does take time, and you can only boil so much water in a single pot. You also must have some sort of fuel to produce the fire needed to boil the water, and you must wait for the water to cool. An inconvenience for sure. However, this method will kill organisms that cause disease, viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

How to Boil Your Water

1. Bring to a rolling boil for up to 1 minute. If you are above 6,500 feet, let the water boil for up to three minutes.

2. Let the water sit until it cools off.

3. If you are not ready to consume all the water right away, pour into a clean container that is sanitary and cover tightly.

Filtering Water

You can run your drinking water through a filtering system. Some water filters will remove parasites that cause disease. Try to pick a filter with tiny filter holes for a better chance of eliminating parasites. Many portable water filters will not remove viruses or bacteria. Try to use filters with iodine as this will kill any viruses that may be in the water.

Purifying Water with Chemical Tablets

Chemical tablets are quick and easy and do not cost much. They are small and easy to pack or carry in your pocket. Some of the tablets will change the taste of the water so you may want to try different kinds to see which ones are suited to your liking. There is also a shelf life associated with the tablets, so you will have to make sure to check the expiration date before you get out to your camping destination. There are a couple of types to choose from, such as Iodine, chlorine.

If you want to get out of the house and take that camping or hiking trip, don’t forget to consider your water supply. Carrying bottled water is not very convenient due to the weight. Consider what supplies you will need to either boil the water, filter the water, or drop iodine or chlorine tablets for purifying the water to make it safe to drink

This is the number to keep in mind when you travel into the wilderness. It’s a simple enough number and remembering it may save your life. When I first began to learn about wilderness travel the first three things that I was taught was the rule of threes. You can survive for three hours in extreme weather without shelter, three days without water and three weeks without food.

Read moreHow to Purify Your Water While Camping

As you prep for a trip, or just go about your daily life, keeping these three things in mind can play an integral role in how well you fare. I would like to expand on each of these a bit and share some key insights into each.

Shelter

Read moreHow to Survive a Bear Attack & Avoid Encounters

Our bodies are made of cells, and each cell is like a sun, like a fire. They consume fuel through a process like combustion and the byproducts of this are heat and light. At any given moment our bodies are constantly losing and gaining heat in these processes. We lose heat through five different forms or ways: conduction (contact with a colder surface), respiration (we breathe out warm air), convection (our bodies are always working to warm the air against our skin to match our body temp), evaporation (sweat and the passage of water out of us), and radiation (same as the sun, we radiate heat).

When we think of shelter we may think of our homes and houses, our cars, or our clothes. Shelter is critical for survival in all climates. We are not made for extremes of anything. Our first line of shelter is clothing. When traveling into the wild it is important to know what type of elements you may encounter and bring clothing appropriate for the season and climate. Good quality and durable clothing is your first priority. Cotton is never a great option. It is slow to dry and wick moisture so if travelling or sweating it will amuse us to cool too quickly as our body works to keep that warm air temp around us. Materials like wool, and synthetics that pull moisture from our bodies are best for insulating and keeping warm.

When I would teach winter survival to youth in Minnesota winters I would always teach kids to tuck layers into each other and overlap layers wherever possible. The goal is to reduce the rate of heat loss and capture any heat radiating off of the body.

After clothing and proper footwear for the Elements comes your other shelter- tent, car, tarp and anything else that provides a barrier against the elements. Things as simple as an extra large contractor grade trash bag can serve as a shelter in a pinch, as well as smaller plastic shopping bags for things like hands and feet. Keep in mind however that anytime you use something like a plastic trash bag or plastic sheeting you are creating a vapor barrier and so as your body evaporates, and sweats that moisture will also stay trapped so you have to be careful of getting soaked inside your shelter.

Know your shelter whether it is a tent or tarp. Take time to set it up before you go out. Try setting it up blind folded, or with one hand/arm. If you spend lots of time in the wild knowing how to set up shelter in the dark, or with an injury can be indispensable.

When setting up your shelter it is also important to be aware of location (placement) and environment around you. Watch out for dead standing trees, water run off, animal sign. All of these things can make a perfectly set up shelter useless within minutes.

Prior to travelling to a wilderness area it is always a good idea to research the area that you will be travelling into. What type of trees and plants are in the area that might be helpful in constructing an emergency shelter? What are the extremes of weather that you may encounter for the time of year?

Lastly are the two other elements of survival- water and food. Both of these simply play a role in maintaining healthy conditions of your body (your primary shelter). Dehydration will rapidly affect your bodies ability to stay warm (or cool in desert temps), it will affect your muscles, brain function and clarity of thought. Drinking lots of clean and safe water in the wild is incredibly important. When travelling into the wilderness it is always a good idea to have to ways to treat and purify water. One main system whether a pump, filter or simple boil method and one back up emergency system (chlorine or iodine tablets). Knowing ways to procure water without these is also good knowledge to have should the need arise such as constructing a solar still, dew collection and others.

Food- cooking over a fire is one of the most rewarding experiences and parts of camping. Having the right food and enough can also make or break your trip. What food you bring with you into the wild largely depends on a few things, how long you’ll be out for, what you like to eat, the season of the year and temperature and what type of activity you’ll be doing. Typically in the wild we burn through more calories than we do in our day to day lives so when planning meals keep this in mind.

Pack food that is dense and full. Sugars and carbohydrates are good for shorter energy bursts and warmth but for longer lasting energy and longer lasting burn times go with proteins as much as you can. Fats and oils are also helpful in cold climate or winter travel in the wild. When it comes to food you also need to take precaution to keep your food stores out of reach from wild animals which will smell it from a distance and may go to great lengths to procure your stores and supplies!

One other useful tip in regards to food is to research and be aware beforehand of what might be available to you in the event of an emergency. Edible plants? Animals? Whenever I would travel to a new wilderness area rather than learn all of the edible plants in an area I would research and make sure that I could identify all of the harmful and poisonous plants in an area. This way the rest of the forage would be fare game, and I was always more confident my ability to ID the bad plants.

Whenever and wherever you step into the wild, be aware, alert, educated and prepared and your time spent there will be more rewarding, comfortable and life giving.

Happy trails!